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Condensed¿InitialsPage2LogoDate in LetterEnclosuresI., II.,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularwËäDA ‹BHelvetica Neue Condensed Bold([3ºx$££Ý ƒ ú÷!ÝÑ,°ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÑ„°ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ý( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó óName in Letter4#-Î2Quick I.ÚƒÚÚ  Ú.à0 àÛ€Û¿Salutation¿Title¿Re Word þÝ ƒºx'ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý›ÔÀÀ”,ÔÔ% € ÔÔ% ‡% ÔÌClerk€of€the€Court,€United€States€Court€of€Appeals€for€the€Second€CircuitÔ%†%JÔÌÔ% ‡* ÔMay€30,€2001Ô%†*³Ô€„€Page€Ú  Ú1Ú  ÚÌName in Header bÝ ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àòòSeeóó€Studio€Br.€25„27€(citing€¢DMCA£€legislative€history€in€which€Congress€noted€its€conƒÐ , Ðcern€that€copyright€owners€were€hesitating€ð ðto€make€their€works€readily€available€on€the€InternetÏwithout€reasonable€assurance€that€they€will€be€protected€against€massive€piracyðð);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€HearƒÐ Ø Ðings€on€H.R.€2441€Before€the€Subcommittee€On€Courts€and€Intellectual€Property€of€the€HouseÏCommittee€on€the€Judiciary€(Part€2),€¢104òòth£óó€Cong.,€2nd€Sess.,€at€40,€72,€85,€185,€402,€435,€600,Рܰ Ð617€(February€7€and€8,€1996);€Joint€Hearing€on€H.R.€2441€and€S.€1284€Before€the€SubcommitteeÏOn€Courts€and€Intellectual€Property€of€the€House€and€Senate€Committees€on€the€Judiciary,€¢104òòth£óóÐ ´ˆ ÐCong.,€1st€Sess.,€at€98,€112€(November€15,€1995).Ìà  àContrary€to€¢Corley£'s€contention€at€oral€argument€that€intermediate€scrutiny€requires€anÏextensive€legislative€record€in€all€intermediate€review€cases,€none€of€the€classic€"incidental€imƒ¼pact"€cases€adverts€to€or€applies€such€a€requirement€and€numerous€cases€make€plain€that€the€reƒ¼quire‚‚ment€applies€to€statutes€that,€unlike€the€¢DMCA£,€"single[]€out€expressive€activity€for€specialÏregulation."€€òòSee,€e.g.,€United€States€v.€National€Treasury€Employees€Union,€óó513€U.S.€454,€475Ð <   Ð(1995)€("The€fact€that€ðð501€singles€out€expressive€activity€for€special€regulation€heightens€theÏGovern‚ment's€burden€of€justi‚fication");€Ý‚MÿÿÿÝòòÝ  ÝTurner€Broadcasting€SystemÝ‚Mÿÿÿ8ƒÝóóÝ  Ý,€512€U.S.€at€664€(emphasisÐ è  Ðadded)€("when€the€Govern‚ment€defends€òòa€regulation€on€speechóó€as€a€means€to€redress€past€harmsÐ Ô  Ðor€pre‚vent€anticipated€harms,€it€must€do€more€than€simply€'posit€the€existence€of€the€diseaseÏsought€to€be€cured.'€.€.€.€It€must€demonstrate€that€the€recited€harms€are€real,€not€merely€conjec‚turƒ¼al,€and€that€the€regulation€will€in€fact€alleviate€these€harms€in€a€direct€and€material€way").+) I&mage <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK(\3#ƒ$ªªÝ ƒ ú÷!ÝÑ,°ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÑ„°ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdDate in HeaderLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5›ðîAZ‹&Univers Regular øÝ ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àÓ?+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°œX?ÓAppellants'€suggestion€that€the€Court€failed€to€find€that€the€Studios€had€been€harmed€isÐ , Ðinac‚cur‚ate.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€315€("plaintiffs€already€have€been€gravely€injured.€.€.Ð ì Ð[and€given€faster€network€connections]€the€injury€will€multiply");€òòidóó.€("'First,€the€availability€ofÐ Ø ТDeCSS£€on€the€Internet€has€effectively€compromised€plaintiffs'€system€of€copyright€protection€forÏ¢DVDs£,€requiring€them€either€to€tolerate€increased€piracy€or€to€expend€resources€to€develop€andÏimple‚ment€a€replacement€system€unless€the€availability€of€¢DeCSS£€is€terminated.€€It€is€analo‚gousÏto€the€publication€of€a€bank€vault€combination€in€a€national€newspaper.€.€.€.€€Second,€the€ap‚pli‚caƒ¼tion€of€¢DeCSS£€to€copy€and€distribute€motion€pictures€on€¢DVD£,€both€on€¢CDROMS£€and€via€theÏInternet,€threatens€to€reduce€the€studio's€revenue€from€the€sale€and€rental€of€¢DVDs£'");€and€at€342Ï("Plaintiffs€overwhelmingly€have€established€a€clear€threat€of€injury€by€reason€of€defendants'Ïviolation€of€the€statute").€€òòSee€also€id.óó€at€332,€343. íÝ ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›€€€Ó?+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°œX?ÓAppellants'€suggestion€that€the€Court€failed€to€find€that€the€Studios€had€been€harmed€is€inacƒÐ , Ðcur‚ate.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€315€("plaintiffs€already€have€been€gravely€injured.€.€.€[andÐ ì Ðgiven€faster€network€connections]€the€injury€will€multiply");€òòidóó.€("'First,€the€availability€ofÐ Ø ТDeCSS£€on€the€Internet€has€effectively€compromised€plaintiffs'€system€of€copyright€protection€forÏ¢DVDs£,€requiring€them€either€to€tolerate€increased€piracy€or€to€expend€resources€to€develop€andÏimple‚ment€a€replacement€system€unless€the€availability€of€¢DeCSS£€is€terminated.€€It€is€analo‚gousÏto€the€publication€of€a€bank€vault€combination€in€a€national€newspaper.€.€.€Second,€the€ap‚pli‚caƒ¼tion€of€¢DeCSS£€to€copy€and€distribute€motion€pictures€on€¢DVD£,€both€on€¢CDROMS£€and€via€theÏInternet,€threatens€to€reduce€the€studio's€revenue€from€the€sale€and€rental€of€¢DVDs£'");€and€at€342Ï("Plaintiffs€overwhelmingly€have€established€a€clear€threat€of€injury€by€reason€of€defendants'Ïviolation€of€the€statute").€€òòSee€also€id.óó€at€332,€343. d(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó0@DC:\PROGRAMS\SOFTWISE\LTRHDP~1.WPGC:\programs\Softwise\LTRHDP2.BMP.wpg ñÝ ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àTr.€404„410,€417„424,€428.€€òòSee€alsoóó€Recommendation€of€the€Register€of€Copyright,€65Ð , ÐFed.€Reg.€64568„70,€Add„122„24€.4s >×,2PersonalÔ44,ÔÓ ¸ÓÔ€³õ›³XXÆBÔÔ€³è³³³õ›ÔÔ#idddÔÔ#didÔÓ ¸ÓÔ€³õ›³XXÆBÔÔ€³è³³³õ›Ô Ñ h Ñ 4Ý ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àTr.€37:11„64:11;€¢A1337£„¢A1354£.€€The€Second€Amended€Complaint€(¢A44£)€alleged€violaƒÐ , Ðtions€of€both€trafficking€proscriptions,€ðððð1201(a)(2)€and€(b),€the€Studios€relied€on€both€at€trial,Ïand€the€district€courtððs€findings€establish€violations€of€both€(¢A2627£,€2630„34).€€Even€if€theÏopinion€were€read€to€lack€a€precise€hold‚ing€on€ðð1201(b),€this€Court€may,€of€course,€affirm€onÏany€ground€fairly€present‚ed€in€the€record,€òòsee€United€States€v.€Arthur€Young€&€Co.óó,€465€U.S.€805,Рܰ Ð814€n.12€(1984);€òòFrancis€v.€City€of€New€Yorkóó,€235€F.3d€763,€766€(2d€Cir.€2000),€and€in€any€eventÐ Èœ Ðthe€injunction€is€properly€based€on€either€or€both€violations. Ý ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àòòCompare€óó17€U.S.C.€ðð€1002(a)€òòwithóó€17€U.S.C.€ðð€1201(c)(3);€òòsee€also,€e.g.,€óó¢WIPO£€CopyƒÐ , Ðright€Treaties€Implementation€Act,€Hearing€before€the€Subcommittee€on€Telecommun‚ica‚tions,ÏTrade,€and€Consumer€Protection€of€the€Committee€on€Commerce,€Serial€No.€105„102€(June€5,Ï1998),€at€31,€34€(Statement€of€Director€of€Intellectual€Property€for€Silicon€Graphics€and€Chair€ofÏthe€Intellec‚tual€Property€Committee€of€the€Information€Technology€Industry€association€concernƒ¼ing€importance€of€the€no„mandate€provision€(now€codified€at€ðð€1201(c)(3))€€to€the€computerÏindustry);€Tr.€476:14„479:5€(testimony€of€Warner€Bros.€Studio€executive€Marsha€King). ÷›Ý ƒ(#ƒÿÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€,XwºXXXÔÔ€,0ÇX,XwºÔ5169/53185„013€¢NYLIB1£/1346298€¢v10£à€ÖÖ1(#àÔ"*US ú/ú/ú ú:!ú &ú*Ô05/30/01€€10:50€AM€(18339)ˆÐ , Ð Ñ h Ñ Ñ ³ Ñ ^Ý ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àIn€òòDenver€Area€Educ.€¢Telecomm£.€Consortium€v.€¢F.C.C.£,óó€518€U.S.€727,€755„57€(1996),€inÐ ,  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`$Times NewRomanQÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó:ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô~,, ÉH802:Single03Single space, indent first line 1"Ó  ÓÓ ÓÓ °ÓÓ  ÓÓ ÓÓ °Ó¤22 Q#:2.0s3.0p0.0iDouble space, triple between paragraphs, block styleÓ ÓÓÓÓ €ÓÓ ÓÓÓÓ €Óüÿ+ +dûÿX Xd’22 pÛ:2.0s2.0p0.5iDouble space, double between, 1/2" 1st lineÓÓÓ ÓÓ XÓÓÓÓ ÓÓ XÓ<þ6X9`(Courier Newô\  `$Times NewRoman%ä2¼A`Arial+)A<< cÿÿŽ22 i«:1.0s2.0p0.0iSingle space, dbl para space, block styleÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÓÓÓ ÓÓ Ó›ðîAZ‹&Univers Regular ÅÝ ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àBecause€the€¢AHRA£€was€enacted€before€any€DAT€players€were€manufactured€and/or€soldÐ , Ðòòen€masseóó€in€the€U.S.,€there€was€no€practical€or€"legacy"€impediment€to€its€immediate€effec‚tiveƒÐ ì Ðness,€as€there€was€no€existing€installed€base€of€DAT€players€lacking€the€¢AHRA£„mandated€techƒ¼nol‚ogy.€€By€contrast,€in€1998,€when€the€¢DMCA£€was€enacted,€an€existing€installed€base€ofÏmillions€of€computers€connected€to€the€Internet,€capable€of€boundless€dissemination€of€decryptedÏperfect€digital€copies€(if€decryption€were€permissible€and€easily€accomplished),€was€a€fact€of€life.€ˆFooterBReminder›ðîAZ‹&Univers Regular Ã Ý ƒ$ÝÓ  ÓÓÓòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›à  àòò¢Bartnicki£óó€does€not€expressly€identify€whether€it€was€applying€intermediate€or€strict€scruƒÐ , Ðtiny€(Justices€¢Breyer£€and€O'Connor,€concurring€whose€votes€were€necessary€for€the€majority,€exƒ¼pressly€found€strict€scrutiny€inapplicable,€2001€U.S.€LEXIS€3815,€*40).€€Instead,€the€CourtÏtreated€the€òòFlorida€Staróó€line€as€the€Studios€have,€as€presenting€a€distinctive€problem€where€scruƒÐ ðÄ Ðtin‚y€is€de‚manding€since€such€cases€involve€statutes€that€the€Court€calls€"naked€¢prohibition[s£]Ïagainst€dis‚clo‚sures"€which€are€"fairly€characterized€as€a€regulation€of€pure€speech."€€òò¢Bartnicki£óó,€atÐ Èœ Ð*21.€€By€contrast,€as€the€Studios'€brief€demonstrates€(at€32€&€n.€20,€and€generally€at€32„36),€theÏ¢DMCA£€regulates€devices€and€conduct,€not€disclosures,€is€not€"a€regulation€of€pure€speech,"€andÏis€not€subject€to€the€review€accorded€to€such€statutes€by€the€òòFlorida€Star€óóline€of€cases.€€Unlike€theÐ Œ` Ð"privacy€trumps€speech"€statutes€at€issue€in€òò¢Bartnicki£óó€and€its€predecessors€(òòsee€óóStudio€Br.€24€&Ð x L  Ðn.15),€the€¢DMCA£€is€not€aimed€at€"disclosing,"€"publishing,"€or€"communicating"€specifiedÏinformation€or€communications€ð"ð€òòi.e.,€óóat€pure€speech€activity€ð"ð€but€rather€at€the€"¢manufacturƒÐ P $  Ð[ing£],€¢import[ing£],€¢offer[ing£]€to€the€public,€¢provid‚[ing£],€or€otherwise€¢traffic[king£]€in"€specifiedÏproducts,€devices,€components,€or€technolo‚gies.€€òòCompare€óó18€U.S.C.€ðð€2511(1)(c)€and€òò¢Bartnicki£óó,Ð ( ü  Ðòòsupra,óó€òòwithóó€17€U.S.C.€ðð€1201(a)(2)€and€(b),€òòUnited€States€v.€Spy€Factory,€óó951€F.€Supp.€450Ð è  Ð(¢S.D.N.Y.£€1997)€(¢Sotomayor£,€J.),€and€òòCohen€v.€¢Cowles£€Media€Co.óó,€501€U.S.€663€(1991).Ð Ô  Ðà  àSignificantly,€òò¢Bartnicki£€óóreaffirmed€the€rule€that€the€First€Amendment€confers€no€"licenseÐ ìÀ Ðon€either€the€reporter€or€his€news€sources€to€violate€valid€crim‚in‚al€laws.€€Although€stealing€docuƒ¼ments€or€private€wiretapping€could€provide€newsworthy€infor‚ma‚tion,€neither€reporter€nor€sourceÏis€immune€from€conviction€for€such€conduct,€whatever€the€impact€on€the€flow€of€news."€€€òò¢BartƒÐ °„ Ðnick‚i£,€óóat€*31€n.€19€(citation€omitted).€€Moreover,€in€sharp€contrast€to€¢to£€the€checkered€history€ofÐ œp Ðthe€provi‚sion€against€"disclosing"€intercepted€conversations€at€issue€in€òò¢Bartnicki£óó,€18€U.S.C.Ð ˆ\ Ððð2511(1)(c),€the€constitutionality€of€the€companion€provision€against€distribution€of€wiretappingÏ‚devices,€ðð2512€(comparable€to€the€trafficking€proscriptions€at€issue€here),€has€never€beenÏdoubted€(Studio€Br.€25),€and€nothing€in€the€òò¢Bartnicki£óó€opinions€suggests€that€even€a€single€justiceÐ L  Ðwould€have€found€that€trafficking€provision€unconstitutional.<KTµ8Par Level 1´Ô2 eÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à# e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)Ž22 i—:1.0s1.0p0.0iSingle space, sgl para space, block styleÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÓÓÓ ÓÓ Ó–$$ o¦:1.0s1.0p1.0iSingle space, sgl para space, 1st line ind 1"ÓÓÓ ÓÓÓÓ ÓŽ22 iç:2.0s2.0p0.0iDouble space, dbl para space, block styleÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ ƒ ú÷!ÝÑ,°ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÑ„°ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝñŒññ’ñÖ€7ÿÿÖñ’ññ’ñÖ€>ÿÿÖñ’ññŒññŒñÖ€ ÿÿÖñŒñ›Ñ€4(ÑÑ€8(ÑÑ€9p1ÑÑ€QfßÑÖ€$ÿÿÖÑ  ÑÔ% € ÔÓžÓÝ‚3×,ÿÝÔ44,ÔÓ ¸ÓÔ€³°³XXÔÔ€³k£³³³°ÔÔ#idddÔÝ  ÝÔ€³p&³³³k£ÔCharles€S.€SimsÔ€³k£³³³p&ÔÐ 4 ÐMember€of€the€FirmÌÌÓ–žÓDirect€Dial€212.969.3950ÌÔ#ndidÔÓ–Ó¢csims£@¢proskauer.com£Ý‚3ÿDƒ ÝÔ#ddndÔÐ ¤ x  ÐÓ ¸ÓÔ€X×®X³³k£ÔÔ€X¶:XXX×®ÔÝ  ÝMay€30,€2001Ð T (  ÐÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†]ÔÌò òòòBY€HANDóóó óÐ ,  ТRoseann£€B.€¢MacKechnie£,€Ô% ‡ ÔClerk€of€CourtÌUnited€States€Court€of€Appeals€for€the€Second€CircuitÔ%†¿ÔÌÔ% ‡ Ô40€¢Centre£€Street,€Room€1702€ÌNew€York,€New€York€10007Ô%† "ÔÌÌÔ% ‡# ÔRe:Ô%†#yÔà0  àòòUniversal€City€Studios€Inc.€v.€¢Corley£,€óóNo.€00„9185€(2d€Cir.)дˆ (#(# ÐÌÔ% ‡! ÔDear€Ms.€¢MacKechnie£:€Ô%†! ÔÌÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÓ0°,X°‚ÂA ùp’X°œX0ÓÝ‚içAÝÝ  ÝÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†ÜÔÔ% € Ôà r àWe€represent€the€appellees€(the€ð ðStudiosðð)€in€the€above„captioned€matter.€€We€write€at€theÏinvitation€of€the€Panel€that€heard€the€appeal€on€May€1€(Newman€and€¢Cabranes£,€C.J.,€andÏThompson,€D.J.)€to€address€certain€issues€raised€at€oral€argument€and€others€contained€in€anÏOrder€dated€May€8.€€Please€submit€this€letter€brief€to€the€Panel€for€its€consideration.݃içA¾݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒe°ÒÝ‚içØÝÝ  Ýà r àAt€oral€argument,€appellants€ignored€defendant€Eric€¢Corley£'s€conduct€and€the€facts€found€atÏtrial,€and€attempted€to€shift€the€Courtððs€atten‚tion€from€what€¢Corley£€did€(multiplying€copies€ofÏ¢DeCSS£€and€offering€them€to€the€public€in€admitted€violation€of€the€law)€to€what€a€parade€ofÏhypothet‚ical€per‚sons€(from€fifth€graders€to€the€parents€of€autis‚tic€children)€might€somehow,€someƒ¼day€be€impeded€from€doing€with€¢DVDs£€as€a€result€of€the€¢DMCA£€or€the€injunction€entered€againstÏ¢Corley£.€€Nothing€in€appel‚lantsðð€positions€warrants€reversing,€vacating,€or€modifying€the€judgmentÏentered€below.€€€We€address€first€four€issues€raised€at€argument,€and€then€turn€to€the€questionsÏâ âidentified€in€the€May€8€Order.݃içØ3݌Р¬*€)' ÐÑQfßÑâ QâÑ „ÑÑ,,ÑÑÄÈÑâ QâÑ  ÑŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç ÝÝ  Ýò òÔ& ` Ôâ âI.à0 r àCSS€Provides€Security€Against€„€and€¢DeCSS£€Facilitates€„€Infringing€Copying.ó ó݃iç U ÝŒÐ4rs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÓ Óà r àSurprisingly,€appellants€contended€on€rebuttal€that€the€CSS€encryption€technology€isÏconcerned€solely€with€access€and€has€nothing€to€do€with€protecting€copyright€owners€from€theÏrisks€of€unauthor‚Ô'`4v Ôized,€uncontrolled€copying€on€the€Internet.€€Judge€Kaplan,€however,€expresslyÏfound€that€¢DeCSS£,€which€circum‚vents€the€technological€protection€afforded€by€CSS,€"is€a€free,Ïeffective€and€fast€means€of€de‚crypt‚‚‚‚ing€plain‚tiffs'€¢DVDs£€òòand€copying€them€to€computer€hardÐ l8  Ðdrives."óó€€(ñ…ñ¢ñ…ññ†ñ¢ñ†ñ¢A2627£ñ†ñ£ñ†ññ…ñ£ñ…ñ.)ñ…ñ.ñ…ñ€€The€trial€testimony€was€unanimous€(from€both€sides)€that€¢DeCSS£€performsÐ D  Ðtwo€functions:€it€decrypts€an€encrypted€¢DVD£€movie€fileòò€and€then€copies€itóó€to€the€userððs€com‚pu‚terÐ è  Ðhard€drive€or€other€storage€device.€€(Tr.€245:11„248:5,€619:12„18;€821:21„822:8,€896:25„897:4).€ÏÔ% ‡ ÔUnder€the€CSS€license,€authorized€¢DVD£€players€must€be€designed€only€to€decrypt,€unscram‚bleÏand€play€back€the€¢DVD£€movie€content€òòwhile€preventing€users€from€storing€or€trans‚mitting€thatÐ ¤p Ðdecrypt‚ed€content€and€from€making€and€transmitting€decrypted€digital€copiesóó€of€the€copyrightedÐ |H Ðcontent.€€(Tr.€409:20„24;€505:4„6)Ô%†Ô.€€The€trial€testimony€focused€extensively€on€how€¢DeCSS£€cirƒ¼cum‚vents€CSS€ð"ð€a€technol‚og‚ical€measure€that€provides€security€against€making€infringing€copiesÏâ âð"ð€and€thereby€facilitates€infringe‚‚ment,¢×ƒ5×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€and€Judge€Kaplan€found€that€"the€application€of€¢DeCSS£Ð "Ð Ðto€copy€and€distri‚bute€motion€pictures€.€.€.€threatens"€the€Studios€with€substantial€harm.€€òòUniversalÐ 4 ÐCity€Studios,€Inc.€v.€¢Reimerdes£óó,€111€F.€Supp.€2d€294,€315€(¢S.D.N.Y.£€2000).Ð  Ø Ðâ âÓ_ Óò òII.à0 r àAppellantsðð€Reliance€On€The€Audio€Home€Recording€Act€of€1992€(ð ð¢AHRA£Ô& $ Ôðð)€As€AÐ ä ° ÐPurportedly€ð ðLess€Restrictive€Alternativeðð€Than€The€¢DMCA£€Is€Misplaced.ó óÐÐ œrs#rs# ÐÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÝÝ  Ýà r àAppellants'€argument€that€the€Audio€Home€Recording€Act€compels€a€finding€that€the€trafƒ¼fick‚ing€proscriptions€are€not€narrowly€tailored€misunderstands€the€controlling€legal€standard€andÏignores€the€fact€that€the€¢AHRA£€cannot€serve€as€a€model€because€it€has€no€application€whatever€toÏcomputers€or€to€computer„based€copying.Ô'$ ä zÔ݃içc݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç<ÝÝ  Ýà r àThe€"least€restric‚tive€alternative"€test€that€appellants€invoke€applies€only€to€content„basedÏlaws.€€Under€intermediate€scrutiny,€the€requirement€of€narrow€tailoring€is€satisfied€"ððso€long€as€theÏ...€regulation€promotes€a€sub‚stan‚tial€government€interest€òòthat€would€be€achieved€less€effectivelyÐ ¸„ Ðabsent€the€regulationóó.ðððð€€òòTurner€Broadcasting€¢Sys£.,€Inc.€v.€¢F.C.C.£óó,€512€U.S.€622,€662€(1994)Ð \ Ð(empha‚sis€added,€quoting€òòWard€v.€Rock€Against€Racismóó,€491€U.S.€781,€799€(1989));€òòsee€City€ofÐ h4 ÐErie€v.€¢Paps£€A.Móó.,€529€U.S.€277,€301€(1999)€("since€this€is€a€content„neutral€restriction,€leastÐ @  Ðrestrictive€means€analy‚sis€is€not€re‚quired.");òò€óóStudio€Br.€40„44.€€As€Dean€Sullivan€has€written,݃iç<‰ÝŒÐ !ä ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—DÝÝ  Ý€à8 r àà84r±!r±!àSpeaker€exemptions€from€general€laws€are€not€compelled.€I€may€not€parkÐ ð"¼ Ðmy€car€in€a€non„park‚ing€zone€just€because€I€cover€it€with€bum‚per€stickersÏadvocating€vari‚ous€candidates€.€.€.€.€€The€no„parking€law€is€not€aimed€at€myÏpolitical€slogans,€but€rather€at€my€car.€€Govern‚ment's€benign€purpose€here€isÏenough€to€immun‚ize€it€from€serious€First€Amendment€review.݃i—D‘݌Р4ï4ï ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—¼ÝÝ  Ý݃i—¼ ݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒeÒÝ‚iç~ÝÝ  ÝKathleen€Sullivan,€òòDiscrimination,€Distribution€and€Free€Speechóó,€37€Ariz.€L€Rev.€439,€443€(1995).݃iç~Ù݌Рx(D # ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒeÒÝ‚içÉ ÝÝ  Ýà r àAppellants€did€not€seriously€contend€that€strict€scrutiny€is€required,€nor€could€they,€and€theÏ¢AHRA£€is€irrelevant€under€intermediate€review.€€Courts€undertaking€intermediate€review€look€toÐ (,ô#' Ðwhether€Congress's€goals€would€be€achieved€less€effectively€absent€the€regulation,€not€to€whatÏelse€Congress€might€or€could€have€done,€much€less€to€not„yet„implemented€new€technologiesÏsuggested€as€less€restric‚tive€alternatives€by€serial€violators€of€existing€conduct€regulations.€€StudioÏBr.€40€(citing€òòTurner€II,€óó520€U.S.€at€213„14).€€The€First€Amendment€does€not€mandate,€over€aÐ ¼ ˆ Ðcontrary€legis‚lative€judgment,€a€right€to€distribute€decryption€devices€that€would€enable€everyÏperson€in€the€nation€(and€millions€more€around€the€world)€to€make€a€complete,€decrypted€copy€ofÏpre„recorded€¢DVDs£,€which€would€then€be€available€for€further€copying€or€transmission€over€theÏInternet.€€òòSeeóó,òò€e.g.,€Wardóó,€491€U.S.€at€797€(citation€omitted)€(incidental€restrictions€on€speech€"areÐ è  Ðnot€invalid€'simply€because€there€is€some€imaginable€alternative€that€might€be€less€burdensome€onÏspeech'").€To€the€contrary,€Congress's€effort€to€secure€the€rights€of€copyright€holders,€and€therebyÏthe€public€interest€in€having€more€copyrighted€works€available,€is€entitled€to€substantial€defer‚ence:Ïð ðSound€policy,€as€well€as€history,€supports€[the€courts']€consis‚tent€defer‚‚‚‚ence€to€Con‚gress€whenÏmajor€technolog‚ical€innovations€alter€the€market€for€copy‚righted€materials.€€Congress€has€theÏconstitutional€authority€and€the€institutional€ability€to€accommodate€fully€the€varied€per‚m‚uta‚tionsÏof€competing€interests€that€are€inevitably€implicated€by€such€new€technol‚o‚gy."€€òòÔ €@ ÔSony€Corp.€v.Ð "Ð ÐUniversal€City€Studios,€Inc.óó,€464€U.S.€417,€431€(1984);€òòseeóó€òòalso€Turneróó,€512€U.S.€at€665.݃içÉ $!݌РÜ#¨ ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç)ÝÝ  Ýà r àAppellants€do€not€dispute€Judge€Kaplan's€holding€that€the€goals€underlying€the€¢DMCA£€(proƒ¼tect‚ing€copyright's€crea‚tion„€and€dissemina‚tion„inducing€functions,€deterring€piracy,€and€complyƒ¼ing€with€the€¢WIPO£€treat‚ies)€are€achieved€more€effectively€with€the€trafficking€proscrip‚tions.€111ÏF.€Supp.€2d€at€331„33.€€The€legisla‚tive€history€is€replete€with€evidence€supporting€Congress'sÏassessment€that€a€law€barring€circum‚ven‚tion€and€trafficking€in€circumvention€devices€was€€€Ð -à$( ÐÑ4(8(9p1Ñâ 4âÑhÈÑâ 84âÑhhÑâ 98âѳhÑâ 9âÑ  Ñneces‚sary€to€guard€against€infringe‚ment€effectively€and€to€induce€the€broader€dissemination€ofÏworks€in€digital€form€to€the€public,¢×ƒ&×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€and€the€record€at€trial€sup‚port‚ed€those€findings€as€well.׃2×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×݃iç)d)݌Р Ø ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içä-ÝÝ  Ýà r àNo€case€cited€suggests€that€intermediate€scrutiny,€or€even€strict€scrutiny,€arms€courts€withÏthe€power€to€displace€laws€regulating€conduct€because€of€the€theoretical€availability€of€alterna‚tive,Ïcomplex,€less€effective€‚options€that€legislatures€might€devise.€€Even€if€that€were€the€law,€theÏ¢AHRA£€would€afford€no€basis€for€reversing€the€decision€below.€€The€¢AHRA£€is€not€an€alter‚n‚ativeÏapproach€adopted€by€Congress€to€address€the€problem€addressed€by€the€¢DMCA£,€but€an€outmodedÏsolu‚tion€for€a€different€problem€altogether.¢×ƒ;´×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ף݃içä-1.ÝŒÐ è  ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç-1ÝÝ  Ýà r àThe€¢AHRA£€was€enacted€in€1992,€well€before€Congress€undertook€to€address€the€problem€ofÏinstantan‚eous,€wide‚‚‚spread€proliferation€of€infringing€copies€made€possible€through€the€Inter‚net.€€ItÏwas€compromise€legislation€(to€settle€a€lawsuit€that€had€prevented€importation€of€digital€audioÏtape€players)€proposed€by€the€music€industry€and€digital€audio€tape€(ð ðDATðð)€device€manu‚fac‚turƒ¼ers,€which€(a)€imposed€upon€device€manufacturers€a€technological€mandate€to€adhere€to€a€speciƒ¼fied€copy€control€system€(the€"Serial€Copy€Management€System")€for€digital€music€works,€and€(b)Ïimposed€a€royalty€on€manufacturers€and€importers€of€DAT€recorders€and€tapes€as€some€com‚pen‚ƒ¼sation€to€the€copyright€hold‚ers€of€those€musical€works€for€any€loss€of€revenues€occa‚sioned€by€conƒ¼sum‚‚‚er€copy‚ing.€€òòSee€generallyóó€òò¢Nimmer£€on€Copyrightóó,€ðð¢8B£.¢01[C£].€€The€¢AHRA£€expresslyÐ ôÀ Ðexemp‚ts€com‚pu‚ters€from€its€defini‚‚tion€of€ð ðdigital€audio€recording€devicesðð€and€was€not€designed,Ïintended,€or€suited€to€regulate€compu‚ters€or€copy‚ing€by€computer.€€òòId.,€óóðð¢8B£.¢02[A£][1][a][ii],€atÐ ¤p Т8B£„26€„€29€(2000)€(discussing€exclu‚sion€of€com‚pu‚ters€from€the€¢AHRA£ððs€ambit);€òòsee€generallyÐ |H ТRIAA£€v.€Diamond€Multimedia€Systems,€Inc.,€óó180€F.3d€1072òò€óó(9th€Cir.€1999)€and€òòA&M€Records,Ð T  Ðâ âInc.€v.€¢Napster£,€Inc.,€óó239€F.3d€1004€(9th€Cir.€2001).€€As€explained€by€a€commentator:€Ýƒiç-1z1݌Р, ø ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àà8 4 àGrowing€out€of€the€consumer€electronics€market€of€the€1980's,€[the€Ïâ â¢AHRA£]€embodied€an€approach,€as€of€its€enactment€in€1992,€focusing€€€€€€€Ïon€DAT€record‚ers.€€Yet€the€failure€of€that€technology€to€ever€make€muchÏpenetration€into€the€con‚sumer€marketplace€renders€the€¢AHRA£ððs€focus,€inÏhindsight,€misguided.€€òòBy€the€time€the€1990's€ended,€the€Internet€hadÐ ä ° Ðbecome€the€primary€battle‚ground€for€copyright€issues.€€Yet€the€¢AHRA£ððsÏstructure,€whereby€computers€are€exclud‚ed€from€its€thrust,€places€theÏInternet€essentially€outside€the€statuteððs€purviewóó.Шt4ï4ï ÐÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—x:ÝÝ  Ý݃i—x:Å:݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒ°eÒòòÝ‚iç:;ÝÝ  Ý¢Nimmer£óó,€¢ðð8B£.¢02[A£][1][a],€at€¢8B£„29€(emphasis€supplied).€€Thus,€the€computer€exemp‚tion€ð ðbearsÐ €L  Ðevery€indication€of€relegating€the€¢AHRA£€largely€to€obscurity"€(€òòid.)óó,€and€makes€it€wholly€inappliƒÐ X$  Ðca‚ble€to€the€problems€Congress€sought€to€redress€in€the€¢DMCA£.݃iç:;˜;݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒe°ÒÝ‚içN=ÝÝ  Ýà r àUnlike€the€¢AHRA£,€the€¢DMCA£€was€enacted€to€address€the€risks€to€creators€presented€by€theÏInternet,€and€to€provide€ð ðthe€legal€platform€for€launch‚‚ing€the€global€digital€on„line€marketplace€forÏcopyrighted€works.ðð€€S.Rep.€No.€105„190,€at€2,5€(1998)€(Add„9,€12).€€As€the€United€States€corƒ¼rectly€noted€at€argument,€Congressððs€findings€concerning€the€in‚creas‚‚‚‚‚ing€risks€of€copyrightÏinfringe‚ment€on€a€mas‚sive€scale€because€of€increas‚ing€Internet€bandwidth,€computer€storageÏcapacity,€and€network€capabilities,€and€its€ac‚know‚ledg‚ment€of€the€need€for€increased€protec‚tion€inÏorder€to€induce€the€wider€release€of€copyrighted€works€in€digital€form,€provide€an€over‚whelmingÏdistinction€between€the€¢DMCA£€and€the€¢AHRA£.€€(Moreover,€the€¢AHRA£€has€a€prohibition€onÏcircumvention,€17€U.S.C.€ðð€1002(c),€and€¢Corley£'s€conduct€would€have€violated€that€too.)€ÝƒiçN=©=݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç—AÝÝ  Ýà r àIn€sum,€aimed€at€a€different€problem,€inapplicable€to€computer€copying€(and€therefore€to€anÏinstalled€base€of€millions€of€computers€that€can€be€used€for€unlimited€copying€in€the€absence€ofÏthe€¢DMCA£),€and€premised€on€an€ap‚proach€(mandating€hardware€manu‚factur‚ers€to€incorporateÏparticular€technological€measures)€that€Congress€expressly€rejected€in€the€¢DMCA£€at€the€urging€ofÐ (,ô#' Ђthe€computer€industry,¢×ƒ6×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€the€¢AHRA£€is€irrelevant€to€the€òòO'Brien„Ward„Turneróó€narrow€tailoringÐ 4 Ðassessment€undertaken€by€the€district€court€and€chal‚lenged€on€appeal,€and€in€any€event€wouldÏadvance€the€interests€underlying€the€¢DMCA£€less€effectively€than€the€¢DMCA£€itself.¢×ƒk×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€Ýƒiç—AäAÝŒÐ ä ° ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò òÝ‚i—ÞEÝÝ  ÝIII.à0 r àAppellantsðð€¢Overbreadth£€Argument€Ignores€The€Basis€Upon€Which€The€InjunctionÐ ¼ ˆ ÐAgainst€Their€Linking€Activities€Was€Sought€And€Enteredó ó.݃i—ÞE.F݌Шtrs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—rGÝÝ  Ý݃i—rG¿G݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç4HÝÝ  Ýà r àHiding€appellant€¢Corley£€behind€the€"Old€Gray€Lady's"€skirts,€his€counsel€warned€that€theÏinjunction€at€issue€somehow€threatens€journalism€on€new€technology€topics€by€òòThe€New€YorkÐ \(  ÐTimesóó€and€other€publications.€That€contention€is€baseless,€and€ignores€the€factual€record€on€whichÐ 4  Ðthe€injunc‚tion€was€sought€and€entered.݃iç4HH݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içoJÝÝ  Ýà r àThe€basis€for€the€relief€sought€and€imposed€was€that,€once€the€Studios€sought€relief€againstÏ¢Corley£,€his€conduct€ð"ð€his€trafficking€in€¢DeCSS£,€touting€it€as€a€way€to€obtain€"free€movies,"€andÏlinking€to€newly„mint‚‚‚ed€copies€that€were€made€at€his€plead‚‚ing€so€as€to€continue€his€provision€ofÏ¢DeCSS£€to€the€public€ð"ð€was€an€intention‚al,€sus‚tained€distri‚bu‚‚tion€of€an€unlawful€circumventionÐ l8 Ðdevice,€which€Judge€Kaplan€found€to€be€a€delib‚‚er‚ate€effort€to€de‚feat€the€Court's€already„issuedÏpreliminary€injunction,€thereby€warranting€further€in‚junc‚tive€relief.€€òòSeeóó€Studio€Br.€10„12,€45„51;Ð  Ø Ðòòsee€also€óó111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€303,€313,€319,€325,€and€341.݃içoJ¼JÝŒÐ ä ° ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içNÝÝ  Ýà r àFederal€courts€have€held€consistently€that€such€a€record€of€abusive€misconduct€ð"ð€the€veryÏopposite€of€a€responsible€effort€to€maintain€a€ð ðsafe€distanceðð€from€previously„enjoined€conductÏthat€has€been€held€¢violative£€of€private€rights€ð"ð€warrants€appropriate€injunctive€relief,€so€as€toÏensure€that€ongoing€violations€of€a€plaintiffs'€rights€can€be€"prevented€and€restrained"€consistentÏwith€the€Court's€remedial€obligations.€€òòSee€óóStudio€Br.€45„46€(citing€cases).€€Given€Judge€Kaplan'sÐ è  Ðfact‚u‚al€find‚ings,€including€that€¢Corley£€"maintained€the€links€òòto€promote€the€dissemination€of€theÐ ôÀ Ðprogram€in€an€effort€to€defeat€effective€judicial€reliefóó"€(111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€341),€the€effective€reliefР̘ Ðto€which€the€Studios€were€entitled€under€ðð€1203(b)(1)€necessarily€òòrequiredóó€an€injunction€againstÐ ¤p ТCorley£'s€continued€public€distribution€of€¢DeCSS£€by€his€linking€scheme€(or€by€any€other€means).݃içNgN݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÑRÝÝ  Ýà r àOn€this€record,€the€injunction€is€valid€against€¢Corley£€and€threatens€neither€journal‚ists€norÏjournalism.€€Suffice€it€to€say€that€the€issue€presented€is€the€propriety€of€the€injunction€againstÏ¢Corley£€on€a€record€which€showed€his€abusive€misconduct€and€admitted€intent€to€provide€¢DeCSS£Ïto€the€public€in€an€act€of€"electronic€civil€disobedience"€ð"ð€not€the€lawfulness€of€linking€at€large.€ÏThe€Studios€relied€on€such€cases€as€òòUnited€States€v.€Scottóó,€187€F.3d€282,€288„89€(2d€Cir.€1999),Ð ´%€  Ðòòseeóó€Studio€Br.€46.€€There€is€a€clear,€¢dispositive£€dif‚fer‚ence€between€the€conduct€by€which€¢Corley£Ð Œ'X" Ð"offered,€provided€.€.€.€¢DeCSS£,€and€¢continue[s£]€to€do€so€to€this€day"€(111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€325)€andÏany€reporting€we€have€seen€by€òòThe€New€York€Timesóó€or€its€counterparts.€€òòCf.óó€17€¢U.S.C£€ðð€1201(g)Ð <+#& Ð(among€the€factors€to€be€considered€in€deter‚mining€the€avail‚a‚bility€of€the€encryption€researchÐ -à$( Ðexem‚p‚tion€is€ð ðwhether€the€information€derived€.€.€.€was€dis‚seminated€in€a€manner€reasonablyÏcalcu‚‚lated€to€advance€the€state€of€know‚ledge€of€encryption€tech‚nol‚ogy,€versus€whether€it€wasÏdisseminated€in€a€manner€that€facilitates€infringement€.€.€.€.ðð).ñ‡ñœ×ƒ-×ñ‡ññ‡ñ׃.×ñ‡ñÝ ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€The€¢DMCA£€makes,€and€theÐ ä ° ÐStudios€and€Judge€Kaplan€recognized,€that€distinction.݃içÑRS݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—pYÝÝ  Ýò òÔ& $ ÔIV.à0 r àThe€Purported€Potential€Impact€on€Use€of€Copyright„Expired€Works€Affords€No€BasisÐ ”` Ðfor€Reversal.ó ó݃i—pY½Y݌ЀL rs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—äZÝÝ  Ý݃i—äZ1[݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç¦[ÝÝ  Ýà r àAppellants€suggested€at€argument€that€the€¢DMCA£€could€be€used€to€obtain€control€overÏworks€in€the€public€domain,€but€there€was€no€evidence€in€the€trial€record€to€support€any€suchÏclaim.€€¢Corley£€has€not€been€harmed€by€any€purported€inability€to€make€use€of€any€copyright„¼expired€work€and,Ô'$ HÞYÔ€for€reasons€previously€addressed€by€the€United€States€and€the€Studios,€heÏcannot€make€an€¢over‚breadth£€chal‚lenge.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòLos€Angeles€Police€¢Dep't£€v.€United€Reportingóó,Ð ¸„ Ð528€U.S.€32€(1999)€(¢overbreadth£€challenge€does€not€lie€where€party€asserting€it€is€complaining€ofÏimpaired€access€to€speech).݃iç¦[ó[݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içø^ÝÝ  Ýà r àEven€putting€aside€¢Corley£'s€lack€of€standing€to€complain€of€hypothetical€harms€to€thirdÏparties€and€the€absence€of€any€chilling€effect,€the€unimpaired€avail‚ability€of€all€fair€or€non„Ð !ä Ðinfringing€uses€of€such€works€except€that€small€subset€(if€any)€requiring€perfect€digital€copiesÏrenders€Con‚gress's€poli‚cy€judgment€unassailable.€€òòSeeóó€Studio€Br.€59„67.€€An€incidental€impact€onÐ  Ø Ðspeech€affords€no€bas‚is€for€invalidating€a€law€aimed€at€conduct€that€is€not€content„based.€€Moreƒ¼over,€as€both€Judge€Kaplan€and€the€Register€of€Copyrights€con‚clud‚ed,€any€adverse€impact€of€theÏtrafficking€ban€on€fair€or€¢noninfringing£€uses€to€date€is€either€"trivial"€or€non„existent.€€111€F.ÏSupp.€2d€at€337€("only€to€a€trivial€degree");€Recom‚men‚dation€of€the€Register€of€Copyrights,€65ÏFed.€Reg.€64568,€Add„122€("Thus€far,€no€proponents€of€this€argument€...have€come€forwardÏwith€any€evi‚dence€of€any€substantial€or€concrete€harm€.€.€.€The€allegations€of€harm€raised€wereÏgenerally€hypo‚thet‚ical€in€nature").€€The€mechanism€Congress€pro‚vided€in€ðð1201(a)(1)(C)€for€aÏrenewed€¢rulemaking£€every€three€years€to€as‚sess€whether€adverse€impacts€on€¢nonin‚fring‚ing£€usesÏhave€arisen€or€are€likely€makes€appellants'€"poten‚tial€interference€with€¢nonin‚fring‚ing£€use€ofÏcopyright„expired€works"€argu‚‚ment€a€particu‚larly€poor€basis€for€invali‚dating€either€the€¢DMCA£€orÏthe€injunction.€Ýƒiçø^E_݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç[eÝÝ  Ýò òResponses€to€the€Questions€in€the€May€8€Order.ó ó݃iç[e¨e݌Р, ø ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—efÝÝ  Ýò ò1.à0 r àòòAre€the€anti„trafficking€provisions€of€the€¢DMCA£€content„neutral?€€See€111Ð "Ð ÐF.€Supp.€2d€294,€328„29€(¢S.D.N.Y.£€2000)?€€óóó ó݃i—ef²fÝŒÐð"¼rs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ëgÝÝ  Ý݃i—ëg8h݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç­hÝÝ  Ýà r àYes,€for€the€reasons€given€at€Studio€Br.€22„32.€€Like€measures€barring€the€provision€of€gamƒ¼b‚ling€devices,€trafficking€in€satellite€theft€devices,€and€trafficking€in€cable€signal€theft€devices,€theÏtrafficking€provisions€are€not€content„based,€since€they€were€adopted€because€of€what€decryp‚tionÏdevices€(which€may€be€hardware€or€software)€òòdoóó,€not€because€"of€disagreement€with€the€message"Ð P*"% Ðthey€convey.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòHill€v.€Coloradoóó,€530€U.S.€703,€719„20€(2000)€(law€regulating€speech€nearÐ (,ô#' Ðmedical€facilities€is€content„neutral);€òòUnited€States€v.€¢Weslin£óó,€156€F.3d€292,€297€(2d€Cir.€1998)Ð 4 Ð(same).݃iç­húh݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç$lÝÝ  Ýà r àGuns€may€be€used€to€make€political€statements,€but€laws€regulating€gun€distribution€are€notÏenacted€because€of€disagreement€with€those€messages,€and€those€laws€are€therefore€not€subject€toÏstrict€scrutiny,€even€when€applied€to€a€¢Sirhan£€¢Sirhan£.€€Draft€cards€carried€information,€but€the€lawÏprohibiting€draft€card€destruction€was€not€aimed€at€any€messages€by€draft€card€destroyers,€and€soÏwas€subject€only€to€intermediate€scrutiny€despite€its€incidental€impact€on€O'Brien's€speech.€€Simiƒ¼lar‚ly,€the€circumvention€device€trafficking€proscrip‚tions,€like€com‚par‚able€proscriptions€againstÏdis‚tributing€devices€enabling€theft€of€satellite€signals€or€cable€signals,€or€laws€against€postingÏcomputer€viruses€to€web€sites€(from€which€they€could€be€wide‚ly€copied€and€disseminated),€orÏlaws€against€the€unauthorized€distribution€of€computer€passwords€or€regulating€defective€orÏinjury„causing€software,€are€content„neutral.€€òòSee€óóStudio€Br.€22„32;€òòsee€also€óóBrief€for€the€¢RIAA£€etÐ |H Ðal.,€18„24;€òòHill€v.€Coloradoóó,€530€U.S.€703,€719„25€(2000).݃iç$lql݌РT  ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç:qÝÝ  Ýà r àThe€content„neutrality€of€the€trafficking€proscriptions€is€strongly€supported€by€the€SupremeÏCourt's€recent€conclusion€that€laws€barring€disclosing€the€contents€of€illegally€intercepted€comƒ¼mun‚‚ications€are€content„neutral€laws€of€general€applicability.€€òò¢Bartnicki£€v.€¢Vopper£óó,€2001€U.€S.Ð Ü#¨ ÐLexis€3815,€**€20„21€(U.S.€May€21,€2001)€(prohibition€on€disclosing€wiretapped€communicationsÏis€content„neutral€because€the€law€is€"justified€without€reference€to€the€content€of€the€regulatedÏâ âspeech"€and€its€purpose€was€"to€protect€the€privacy€of€.€.€.€communications").€€Just€as€"protectingÐ d)0!$ Ðthe€privacy€of€communications"€is€content„neutral,€so€too€is€protecting€the€security€of€copyrightedÏworks€from€infringement.¢×ƒu×Ý ƒ0#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€Ýƒiç:q‡q݌Р Ø Ðâ âŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içzuÝÝ  Ýò ò2.€€à r àòòDoes€¢deCSS£€have€Ô& ˆ Ôboth€speech€and€non„speech€elements?óóó ó݃içzuÇuÝŒÐ ä ° ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç®vÝÝ  Ýà r àNo.€€òòSeeóó€Studio€Br.€19„22;€òòsee€alsoóó€U.S.€Br.€Point€IA;€¢RIAA£€Br.€15„24.€€¢DeCSS£€is€a€deviceÐ ¼ ˆ Ð(configured€as€a€program,Ô'ˆl% vÔ€although€it€could€as€easily€have€been€configured€as€a€physical€machine,Ïâ âòòi.e.óó,€a€ð ðblack€boxðð)€that€accomplish‚es€a€mechanical€task,€namely€¢descrambling£€and€decrypting€anÐ l8  Ðencrypted,€scrambled€¢DVD£€and€copying€its€con‚tent€to€a€hard€drive.€€It€is€no€more€"speech"€than€aÏkey€to€a€library€or€museum€(or€a€crowbar€that€could€force€open€their€doors)€is€"speech."€€Ýƒiç®vûvÝŒÌâ âŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÄyÝÝ  Ýà r à¢DeCSS£€is€not€information€within€the€meaning€of€the€First€Amendment,€much€less€a€mesƒ¼sage;€it€is,€in€the€government's€apt€phrase,€a€"digital€crowbar,"€a€technical€device€for€circum‚ventƒ¼¢ing£€protection€that€copyright€owners€have€in‚stalled€on€copies€of€their€copyrighted€works.€ÏCongress€has€made€it€unlawful€to€break€that€pro‚tec‚tion€or€to€distribute€the€tools,€whether€hardwareÏor€software,€that€would€en‚able€hackers€and€others€to€do€so.€€As€a€functional€device€whose€òòonlyóóÐ D  Ð"purpose€or€use"€was€"to€circumvent€CSS"€(111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€319),€its€public€distribution€can€beÏpro‚scribed,€as€similar€com‚puter€programs€or€devices€were€held€permissibly€proscribed€in€òòUnitedÐ ôÀ ÐStates€v.€¢Men‚del‚sohn£óó,€896€F.2d€1183€(9th€Cir.€1990)€(computer€program€used€for€gambling),òòР̘ ÐCable/Home€¢Commun£.€Corp.€v.€Network€Prods.,€Inc.óó,€902€F.2d€829€(11th€Cir.€1990),€andÐ ¤p ÐòòCalifornia€Satellite€¢Sys£.€v.€¢Seimon£óó,€768€F.2d€1364€(9th€Cir.€1985).݃içÄyz݌Р|H ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç®~ÝÝ  Ýà r àThe€reasoning€that€underlies€the€holding€in€òòCFTC€v.€¢Vartuli£óó,€228€F.3d€94,€111€(2d€Cir.Ð T  Ð2000),€that€the€instructions€to€investors€issued€by€a€computer€program€called€€"Recurrence"€wereÏnot€"ððspeechðð€of€the€sort€thus€protected"€by€the€First€Amendment,€applies€òòa€fortiorióó€to€¢DeCSS£:݃iç®~û~݌Р"Ð ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àà8 4 àÝ‚i—ЀÝÝ  ÝLanguage€was€involved€in€conveying€the€Recurrence€commands€to€traders,Ïto€be€sure.€€But€as€Professor€Kent€¢Greenawalt£€has€pointed€out,€"LanguageÏserves€a€variety€of€functions,€only€some€of€which€are€cov‚ered€by€the€specialÏreasons€for€freedom€of€speech."€.€.€.€None€of€the€reasons€for€which€speech€isÏthought€to€require€protection€above€and€beyond€that€accorded€to€non„speechÏbehavior€ð"ð€the€pursuit€of€truth,€the€accommo‚da‚tion€among€inter‚ests,€theÏachievement€of€social€stability,€the€exposure€and€deterrence€of€abuses€ofÏauthority,€personal€autonomy€and€personality€devel‚opment,€or€theÏfunctioning€of€a€democracy€.€.€.€is€implicated€by€the€commun‚ications€hereÏin€issue,€and€none€counsels€in€favor€of€treating€the€Recurrence€communicaƒ¼tions€at€issue€as€protected€"speech."€Ýƒi—Ѐ5ÝŒÐ-à$(4ï4ï ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içØ„ÝÝ  ÝThe€case€against€treating€¢DeCSS£€as€"speech"€for€First€Amendment€purposes€is€considerablyÏstrong‚er€here€than€in€òò¢Vartuli£óó.€€Running€the€program€held€to€be€"not€speech"€in€òò¢Vartuli£óó€resulted€inÐ ø Ä Ð"speci‚fic€buy€or€sell€recommendations"€which€were€provided€to€the€user;€nothing€actually€hapƒ¼pened,€in€the€real€world,€unless€the€user€then€took€the€advice€produced€and€called€his€broker.€ÏHere,€by€con‚trast,€¢Corley£€was€enjoined€from€distributing€a€program€which,€when€run,€accom‚plishƒ¼es€precisely€and€immediately€the€result€Congress€prohibited:€¢DeCSS£€produces€not€recommendaƒ¼tions€but€an€unlawful€result€(decryption€and€copying)€€that€violates€two€provisions€of€copyrightÏlaw,€17€U.S.C.€ðððð501€and€1201(a)(1).€€When€run,€¢DeCSS£€delivers€instructions€to€a€computer'sÏcentral€processing€unit€that€immediately€and€directly€accomplish€the€very€"breaking€and€entering"Ïthat€Congress€made€unlawful.€€¢DeCSS£€is€therefore€"situation„altering,"€in€Professor€¢Greenawalt£'sÏuseful€formulation,€and€accordingly€outside€the€scope€of€the€free€speech€principle€altogether€ð"ðÏlike€black‚mail,€or€criminal€solicitation,€or€forgery€devices,€or€ATM€access€devices,€or€wiretappingÏequip‚ment,€all€of€which€are€¢regulable£€as€conduct.€€òò¢Vartuli£,€supraóó;€òòsee€also€óó¢Greenawalt£,€òòSpeech,Ð @  ÐCrime,€and€the€Uses€of€Languageóó,€at€57€(Oxford€U.€Press,€1989);€¢RIAA£€Br.€15„18.€€As€a€funcƒÐ !ä Ðtional,€situa‚tion„altering€computer€program,€which€operates€a€machine€to€strip€technologicalÏprotection€applied€by€the€copyright€owner,€¢DeCSS£€is€subject€to€regulation.€€Studio€Br.€19„22;€òòseeÐ È$” Ðalsoóó€U.S.€Br.€Point€IA;€¢RIAA£€Br.€15„24.݃içØ„%…݌Р &l! ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içkŒÝÝ  Ýà r àEven€if€¢DeCSS£€has€"speech€elements"€at€all,€then,€as€Judge€Kaplan€found,€they€are€veryÏslight,€and€hugely€overshadowed€by€its€functional€aspects.€€òòSeeóó€111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€328„33;€StudioÐ P*"% ÐBr.€20„28.݃içkŒ¸ŒÝŒÐ (,ô#' ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç,ŽÝÝ  Ýà r àStrict€scrutiny€for€the€trafficking€proscriptions€is€unwarranted,€however,€regardless€ofÏwhether€¢DeCSS£€has€both€speech€elements€or€not.€€The€purpose€and€character€of€the€traffickingÏproscriptions€dictate€no€more€than€intermediate€scrutiny€for€¢Corley£'s€challenge€to€enforcement€ofÏthe€trafficking€proscriptions€òòregardlessóó€of€whether€¢DeCSS£€has€"speech€elements."€€(The€only€issueÐ ¼ ˆ Ðthat€turns€on€whether€the€conduct€regulated,€public€distribution€of€¢DeCSS£,€has€"speech€elements"Ïis€whether€even€intermediate€review€applies.€€òòSee€Cohen€v.€¢Cowles£€Media€Co.óó,€501€U.S.€663Ð l8  Ð(1991);€Studio€Br.€19„22.)݃iç,ŽyŽ݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò òÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i犑ÝÝ  Ý3.à0 r àòòDoes€the€dissemination€of€¢DeCSS£€have€both€speech€and€non„speech€elements?€€óóó ó݃i犑בÝŒÐè rs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÎ’ÝÝ  Ýà r àNo.€€Unlike€¢Corley£'s€criticism€of€the€Studios,€the€¢DMCA£,€and€Judge€Kaplan,€which€is€plainƒ¼ly€"speech"€(which€the€¢DMCA£€does€not€reach€and€the€injunction€does€not€prohibit),€the€provisionÏof€decryption€devices€to€the€public,€including€the€provision€of€¢DeCSS£,€is€the€un‚law‚ful€provisionÏof€a€device,€a€"digital€crowbar,"€not€speech€within€the€meaning€of€the€First€Amendment,€for€theÏreasons€set€out€in€the€answer€to€question€2€above.€€òòSee€also€óóU.S.€Br.€15„23;€Studio€Br.€19„22.݃içÎ’“݌РT  ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içš•ÝÝ  Ýà r àEven€if€the€answer€were€"yes",€moreover,€that€would€only€occasion€intermediate€scrutiny.€ÏStudio€Br.€Point€I.݃içš•ç•݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚o¦ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò òÝ‚o¦Õ–ÝÝ  ÝÔ& ¤ Ô4.à0 r àòòÔ‡Xw XàX¶:ÔDoes€the€use€of€¢DeCSS£€to€decrypt€an€encrypted€¢DVD£€have€both€speech€andÐ Ü#¨ Ðnon„speech€elements?óóÔ#†X¶:X XXwR—#Ô€€ó ó݃o¦Õ–—ÝŒÐà$¬rs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚o¦ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚o¦v˜ÝÝ  Ý݃o¦v˜µ˜݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç™ÝÝ  Ýà r àThis€question€is€not€presented€on€this€appeal€because€¢Corley£€has€not€decrypted€any€¢DVDs£,€Ïor€sought€to.€€Studio€Br.€59„63;€U.S.€Br.€Point€III.€€But€the€answer€is€"noÔ'¤Ü#5—Ô":€the€use€of€¢DeCSS£€toÏâ âdecrypt€an€encrypted€¢DVD£€has€no€"speech€elements,"€just€as€breaking€into€a€museum€or€library€ð"ðÐ €*L"% Ðor€using€a€computer€to€break€an€electronic€lock€on€a€library€door€ð"ð€€cannot€properly€be€said€toÏhave€"speech€elements."݃iç™i™ÝŒÌâ âŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÅ›ÝÝ  Ýà r àMoreover,€when€Congress€enacts€a€measure€aimed€at€deterring€copyright€infringement,€Ïanalysis€of€whether€what€it€has€regulated€or€proscribed€has€"speech€elements"€is€simply€not€aÏpertinent€or€useful€inquiry.€€The€"use€of€a€copying€machine€to€infringe€a€copyright"€might€perhapsÏbe€said€to€have€"speech€elements,"€but€the€constitutionality€of€the€infringe‚ment€cause€of€action,€17ÏU.S.C.€ðð501,€on€its€face€or€as€applied,€does€not€depend€on€whether€or€not€it€does.€€Importation€ofÏbooks€from€abroad€might€be€said€to€have€"speech€ele‚ments,"€but€the€constitutionality€of€the€manuƒ¼fac‚tur‚ing€clause€of€the€1909€Copyright€Act€did€not€depend€on€asking€whether€"speech€elements"Ïwere€present.€€òòAuthors€League€v.€Omanóó,€790€F.2d€220€(2d€Cir.€1986).€€"Speech€ele‚ments"€areР̘ Ðpresuma‚bly€always€present€when€further€copying€or€distribution€of€an€infringing€work€is€en‚joined,Ïbut€the€constitutionality€of€injunctive€relief€to€protect€copyright€holders€ñŽñfrom€œpñŽñññiñññññŽñkñŽññññ“ñÔ% €l Ôñ“ññŽñracy›€ñŽñhas€long€beenÏset‚tled€categorical‚ly,€without€the€case„by„case€application€of€strict€or€intermediate€scrutiny.€€òòSeeóóÐ T  Ðthe€cases€cited€in€the€Brief€for€Law€Professors€Rodney€¢Smolla£€et€al.,€pp.€24„26;€òòsee€also€New€YorkÐ , ø ÐTimes€Co.€v.€United€Statesóó,€403€U.S.€713,€726€n.€(1971)€(Brennan,€J.,€concurring)€(generalÐ "Ð Ðavailability€of€injunctions€in€copyright€cases€does€not€conflict€with€the€rule€against€prior€restraints,Ïsince€copy‚right€injunctions€"protect€only€the€form€of€expression€and€not€the€ideas€expressed").݃içÅ›œ݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò òÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—£ÝÝ  Ý5.à0 r àòòÔ‡Xw XàX¶:ÔDoes€the€existence€of€non„speech€elements,€along€with€speech€elements,€in€anÐ Œ'X" Ðactivity€sought€to€be€regulated€alone€justify€intermediate€level€scrutiny?óóÔ#†X¶:X XXw|£#Ôó ó݃i—£M£ÝŒÐ(\ #rs#rs# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ä¤ÝÝ  Ý݃i—ä¤1¥݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i禥ÝÝ  Ýà r àWhether€any€First€Amendment€review€is€required€òòat€allóó€depends€on€whether€"it€was€conductÐ l*8"% Ðwith€a€significant€expressive€element€that€drew€the€legal€remedy€in€the€first€place."€€òò¢Arcara£€v.Ð D,$' ÐCloud€Books,€Inc.óó,€478€U.S.€697,€704„06€(1986);€òòCohen€v.€¢Cowles£€Media€Co.óó,€501€U.S.€663,€669„Ð 4 Ð70€(1991);€Studio€Br.€Point€I.€€If€speech€interests€are€implicated,€then€whether€strict€scrutiny€isÏrequired€depends€on€whether€the€chal‚lenged€regulations€were€enacted€because€of€disagreementÏwith€speech€or€concern€over€its€com‚municative€impact€ð"ð€that€is,€on€whether€the€law€is€justifiedÏby€the€content€of€the€regulated€speech€ð"ð€regardless€of€whether€those€regulations€as€applied€in€theÏparticular€case€have€some€im‚pact€on€speech.€€òòSeeóó€Point€II,€òòsupraóó€at€page€3;€Studio€Br.€Point€I;Ð l8  ÐòòUnited€States€v.€¢Weslin£óó,€156€F.3d€292,€297€(2d€Cir.€1998)€("It€would€be€wrong€to€say€that€thoseÐ D  Ðactivities€[boycotts,€politi‚cal€assas‚sination,€nude€dancing,€and€other€kinds€of€conduct]€‚are€not€orÏcannot€be€forms€of€expres‚sion.€€But€the€fact€that€they€have€expressive€aspects€does€not€exemptÏthem€from€governmental€prohibi‚tion").݃i禥ó¥݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içS«ÝÝ  Ýà r àAccordingly,€inquiry€concerning€what€level€of€scrutiny€to€apply€depends€on€the€activity€thatÏCongress€was€aiming€at€and€sought€to€regulate,€òònotóó€the€activity€of€the€defendant€in€a€given€case€toÐ |H Ðwhich€the€regulation€happens€to€have€been€applied.€€The€existence€of€"speech€elements"€in€theÏsleeping€on€the€Mall€at€issue€in€òòClark€v.€¢CCNV£,€óó468€U.S.€288€(1984),€or€in€O'Brien's€burning€ofÐ , ø Ðhis€draft€card,€or€in€the€operation€of€cable€television€systems,€òòsee€Turner€I,€supraóó,€or€in€the€publiƒÐ "Ð Ðcation€of€identi‚fying€in‚for‚‚‚mation€which€was€held€actionable€in€òòCohen€v.€¢Cowles£óó,€did€not€result€inÐ Ü#¨ Ðstrict€scrutiny€(or€in€even€intermediate€scrutiny,€in€òòCohenóó).€€To€the€contrary,€any€"speech€eleƒÐ ´%€  Ðments"€served€only€to€trig‚ger€intermediate€scrutiny€for€laws€that,€because€they€were€not€content„¼â âbased,€otherwise€would€not€have€been€subject€to€any€at€all.€ÝƒiçS« «ÝŒÐ d)0!$ ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—°ÝÝ  Ýò òÔ& ` Ôâ â6.à8 r àòòÔ‡Xw XàX¶:ÔIf€¢DeCSS£€or€its€dissemination€or€its€use€to€decrypt€has€both€speech€andÐ 4 Ðnon„speech€elements€and€is€not€subject€to€intermediate€level€scrutinyÐ 8  Ðsimply€because€of€the€non„speech€elements,€is€intermediate€levelÐ ( ô Ðscrutiny€appropriate€because€of€the€close€causal€link€betweenÏdissemina‚‚tion€of€¢DeCSS£€and€its€improper€use?€€òòSeeóó€111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€331„32.óóÔ#†X¶:X XXw§°#Ôó ó݃i—°_°ÝŒÐ Ôr±!r±! ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—³ÝÝ  Ý݃i—³R³݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içdzÝÝ  Ýà r àIf€the€question€is€meant€to€suggest€that€strict€scrutiny€might€be€required€because€of€theÏpresence€of€speech€elements€in€¢DeCSS£€or€in€its€use€or€dissemination,€we€Ô'` 4€°Ôrespectfully€disagree.€€ÏòòSeeóó€Studio€Br.€Point€I.݃içdz´ÝŒÐ ”`  ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒ°eÒÝ‚iç–µÝÝ  Ýà r àWe€agree,€however,€that€the€close€causal€link€between€dissemination€of€circumvention€deƒ¼vices€and€infringement€led€dozens€of€nations€to€promulgate€the€¢WIPO£€copyright€treaties€andÏCongress€to€enact€the€¢DMCA£,€and€supports€the€conclusion€that€the€¢DMCA£€is€a€proper€exercise€ofÏCongress's€power€under€the€Copyright€Clause€to€secure€authors'€exclu‚sive€rights.€€The€¢Constitu£ƒ¼¢tion£€empowers€Congress€to€secure€exclusive€rights€to€authors,€and€both€the€infringement€and€theÏtrafficking€causes€of€action€codified€in€Title€17€are€proper€exercises€of€that€power.€€Moreover,Ïwhen€Congress€determines€that€a€course€of€conduct,€even€one€carried€out€by€words,€is€harmful,Ïand€prohibits€it€on€that€basis€through€non„content€based€means,€the€First€Amendment€generallyÏdoes€not€prohibit€the€regulation.€€¢RIAA£€Br.€15„24;€U.S.€Br.€19„23;€Studio€Br.€34„37.€€And€thatÏgeneral€rule€has€strengthened€application€for€statutes€enacted€to€secure€exclusive€rights€for€copyƒ¼â âright€holders.€€Studio€Br.€34„35;€¢RIAA£€Br.€16„18;€and€page€17,€òòsupraóó.݃iç–µñµÝŒÐ Ü%¨  ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚i—ÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝòòÔ‡Xw XàX¶:ÔÝ‚i—œºÝÝ  Ýò ò7.à0 r àIf€the€District€Court€is€correct€that€the€dissemination€oÔ& @ Ôâ âf€¢DeCSS£€ð ðcarriesÐ 4 Ðvery€substantial€risk€of€imminent€harm,ðð€111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€332,€does€that€riskÐ $ ð Ðalone€justify€the€injunction?€€In€other€words,€does€that€risk€satisfy€theÏrequirements€for€regulating€speech€under€òòBrandenburg€v.€Ohioóó,€395€U.S.€444Ð  Ð Ð(1969),€thereby€rendering€unnecessary€an€inquiry€as€to€whether€non„speechÐ ô À Ðelements€of€¢DeCSS£€or€its€dissemination€or€its€use€(if€such€exists)€may€beÏregulated€under€òòUnited€States€v.€OððBrienóó,€391€U.S.€367€(1968)?ó ó݃i—œº »ÝŒÐÔ  r(#r(# ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÒe°ÒÝ‚iç3¾ÝÝ  Ýà r àóóÔ#†X¶:X XXwìº#ÔÔ‡Xw XXX¶:ÔThe€òòBrandenburgóó€test€measures€only€whether€advocacy€of€or€incitement€to€unlawful€actionÐ ´€ Ðcan€be€punishÔ'@ 4s»Ôed€consistent€with€the€First€Amendment;€it€does€not€apply€to€the€provision€to€theÏpub‚‚lic€of€unlawful€circumven‚tion€devices€or€components,€or€indeed€to€any€òòconductóó€as€distinƒÐ t@  Ðguished€from€incitement€to€or€advocacy€of€unlawful€action.€€¢RIAA£€Br.€24€n.€12;€¢Smolla£€Br.€8.݃iç3¾Ž¾݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÁÝÝ  Ýà r àThe€òòBrandenburgóó€test€was€not€applied€in€any€of€the€cases€evaluating€conduct€regulationsÐ 4 Ðincidentally€impacting€speech,€such€as€òòO'Brienóó,€or€òòClark€v.€¢CCNV£,€óóor€òòUnited€States€v.€¢Albertini£óó,Ð à Ðor€òòHill€v.€Coloradoóó,€or€òò¢Madsen£óó,€or€òòUnited€States€v.€Scottóó,€or€òò¢Mendelsohn£óó,€or€dozens€of€other€casesÐ ôÀ Ðpreviously€cited€by€the€Studios,€their€òòamicióó,€and€the€United€States,€upholding€the€constitutionalityÐ Ô  Ðof€the€application€of€content„neutral€statutes€to€allegedly€expressive€conduct.€ÝƒiçÁ^Á݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç>ÄÝÝ  Ýà r àIf€Congress€had€enacted€a€statute€barring€advocacy€of€circumvention,€or€if€¢Corley£€had€beenÏenjoined€from€advocating€circumvention,€then€òòBrandenburgóó€would€be€pertinent.€€But€the€injuncƒÐ t"@ Ðtion€against€¢Corley£€does€not€extend€to€his€advocacy,€which€has€been€and€continues€to€be€extenƒ¼sive.€€It€is€aimed€instead,€with€laser„like€precision,€at€his€unlawful€provision€of€¢DeCSS£€to€the€pubƒ¼lic;€only€that€is€restrained.€Studio€Br.€40„42;€òòsee€also€Cable/Homeóó,€902€F.2d€at€849€(noting€thatÐ (à" Ðinjunction€was€limited€to€unlawful€devices);€òòCalifornia€Satellite€¢Sys£.,€óó767€F.2d€at€1368€(same).€Ð ô)À!$ ТCorley£€has€not€been€enjoined€from€asking€others€to€"mirror€these€[¢DeCSS£]€files";€he€wasÐ Ô+ #& Ðenjoined,€once€they€did€so,€from€continuing€to€provide€to€the€public€the€copies€created€through€hisÏpurposeful€and€inten‚tional€link‚ing€scheme,€because€the€¢DMCA£€prohibits€that€traf‚ficking€inÏcircum‚vention€devices.€€If€¢Corley£'s€challenge€to€the€injunction€is€subject€to€First€AmendmentÏreview€at€all,€there‚fore,€it€is€sub‚ject€not€to€òòBrandenburgóó€but€to€intermediate€review,€Ô#†X¶:X XXwÞ¾#Ôor,€at€most,€toÐ Ô   Ðthe€Ô‡Xw XXX¶:Ôslightly€adjust‚ed€review€for€at€least€some€injunctions€ap‚plied€in€òò¢Madsen£€v.€Women's€HealthÐ Ô  ÐCtr.,€Inc.,€óó512€U.S.€753,€764€(1994).€€Studio€Br.€43€n.€29€(arguing€that€because€the€injunctionÐ Ô   Ðentered€against€¢Corley£€merely€applies€the€statutory€prohibition€essen‚tially€òòin€¢haec£€¢verba£óó€and€inƒÐ ´€  Ðvolves€no€further€judicial€inter‚stitial€¢rulemaking£,€the€usual€intermediate€review€standard€applies).݃iç>Ä‹Ä݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò ò8.à0 r àòòÔ& l ÔAre€the€three€criteria€identified€at€111€F.€Supp.€2d€at€333€the€correct€criteriaÐ t@ Ðfor€determining€the€validity,€under€intermediate€level€scrutiny,€of€the€useÏof€¢DeCSS£€that€has€been€enjoined?ó óóóÐT rs#rs# ÐÔ#†X¶:X XXw‹É#ÔÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àÝ‚içÍÝÝ  ÝThe€"three€criteria"€identified€in€the€question€are€not€criteria€for€any€"test"€but€simply€threeÏtrÔ'ltìËÔue€facts€that€explain€Judge€Kaplan's€holding.€€They€do€not€purport€to€be€criteria€neces‚‚sary€forÏapplication€of€conduct€regulation€to€computer€programs,€although€they€happen€to€be€an€accurateÏdescription€of€the€limited€conduct€regulated€by€the€¢DMCA£€and€why€it€was€enacted.€€(We€suspectÏthat€the€sentence€of€the€district€court's€opinion€cited€was€added€in€an€attempt€to€further€clar‚ify€thatÏthe€decision€against€¢Corley£€was€not€deciding€the€constitutionality€of€òòevery€conceivable€regulationÐ h$4 Ðof€every€conceivable€computer€programóó€ð"ð€a€reminder€that€should€not€even€have€been€necessary,Ð @&   Ðexcept€that€¢Corley£€and€some€of€his€allies€and€supporters€have€consistently,€for€reasons€that€are€notÏâ âclear,€over„read€the€¢DMCA£€and€the€injunctions€entered€by€the€district€court.)݃içÍmÍ݌Рð)¼!$ ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚iç©ÑÝÝ  Ýà r àIn€addition,€it€is€worth€noting€that€the€injunction€did€not€enjoin€"use"€of€¢DeCSS£;€¢Corley£Ïnever€used€or€threatened€to€use€it.€€The€injunction€enjoins€defendants€only€from€offering€to€theÏpublic€and€providing€¢DeCSS£,€in€light€of€their€past€and€threatened€trafficking€violations.݃iç©ÑöÑÝŒÌâ âŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò ò9.à0 r àòòIf€not,€what€modifications€or€supplÔ& L Ôementation€would€be€required€toÐ ¼ ˆ Ðconform€to€First€Amendment€requirements?ó óóóШtrs#rs# ÐÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àÝ‚iç`ÔÝÝ  ÝNone.€€"First€Amendment€requirements"€applicable€to€this€case€are€those€marked€out€by€theÏintermediate€review€cases€cited€earlier€or,€if€applicable€to€the€injunction,€òò¢Madsen£óó.€€There€is€noÐ X$  Ðbasis€for€addinÔ'L¼ ÒÓÔg€"modifications€or€supplementa‚tion"€here,€any€more€than€the€courts€in€such€casesÏas€òò¢Mendelsohn£óó,€òòCalifornia€Satelliteóó,€or€òòCable€Home€Systemsóó€added€"modifications€or€supplemenƒÐ Ô  Ðta‚tion"€to€the€applicable€standard€of€review.݃iç`Ô¹Ô݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò ò10.à0 r àòòÔ& L ÔAre€the€three€criteria€identified€at€111€F.€Supp.€2d€341€and€the€ð ðclear€andÐ ¸„ Ðconvincing€evidenceðð€standard€the€correct€criteria€and€the€correctÐ ¤p Ðstandard€of€proof€for€testing€the€validity€of€the€injunctionððs€prohibition€ofÐ \ Ðposting€on€the€defendantððs€¢website£€and€of€linking?ó óóóÐ|Hrs#rs# ÐÌÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àÝ‚içÏØÝÝ  ÝThe€Studiosðð€position€on€this€point€is€set€out€in€Point€III€òòsupraóó,€at€pages€8„10.݃içÏØ(Ù݌РT  ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àÝ‚iç ÚÝÝ  ÝThis€Court's€consideration€of€the€injunction€against€an€anti„abortion€proÔ'L¸D×Ôtestor€in€òòUnitedÐ , ø ÐStates€v.€Scott,óó€187€F.3d€282€(2d€Cir.€1999),€did€not€attempt€to€devise€a€new€test€for€when€the€proƒÐ "Ð Ðvisions€of€the€injunction€might€generally€be€imposed€against€others€in€the€first€instance;€instead,Ïthe€Court€reviewed€the€injunction€crafted€by€the€district€court€by€considering€all€the€facts€and€cirƒ¼cumstances,€including€the€defendantððs€own€repeated€violation€of€private€rights,€and€mea‚suring€itÏunder€the€test€of€òò¢Madsen£€v.€Women's€Health€Center,€óó512€U.S.€753.€€Here€too,€the€validity€of€theÐ d)0!$ Ðâ âinjunction€depends€on€the€facts€and€circumstances€and€the€intermediate€scrutiny€applied€in€òòHill€óó(orÐ <+#& Ðin€òò¢Madsen£óó,€òòseeóó€Studio€Br.€43€n.€29).€€The€injunction€easily€meets€that€test.€€Studio€Br.€Points€¢IIB£Ð 4 Ðand€¢IIC£,€and€pp.€8„10€òòsupraóó.݃iç ÚdÚ݌Р Ø Ðâ âŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àÝ‚içÖÞÝÝ  ÝA€further€effort€to€capture€in€a€"test"€all€the€hypothetical€facts,€circumstances,€and€consideraƒ¼tions€that€might€arise€in€future€cases€is€premature,€unnecessary,€and,€given€the€speed€of€technologƒ¼i‚cal€change,€unwise.€€òòSee€Denver€Areaóó,€518€U.S.€at€740„43,€748;€òòsee€also€¢Ashwander£€v.€TVA,óó€297Ð ”` ÐU.S.€727€(1938).݃içÖÞ/ß݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýà r àÝ‚içýàÝÝ  Ý€We€are€confident€that€the€injunction€is€valid€for€the€reasons€given€by€Judge€Kaplan€(andÏadvanced€in€the€Studios'€submissions),€and€that€the€factors€he€identified€are€highly€relevant.€€WeÏare€less€certain,€given€that€this€is€the€first€case€present‚ing€these€precise€issues€and€that€there€mayÏbe€other€fact„patterns€not€yet€evident,€that€the€three„factor€test€identified€in€dicta€fully€accounts€forÏall€of€the€relevant€factors€and€issues€that€may€arise€in€the€future.€€In€our€view,€therefore,€a€decisionÏupholding€the€injunction€should€avoid€con‚clu‚sively€framing€a€test€for€hypothetical€cases€notÏpresented€here,€and,€instead,€should€stress€(1)€that€the€statutory€provision€bars€offering€circumvenƒ¼tion€devices€to€the€public,€which€the€district€court€properly€found€¢Corley£€was€doing,€not€informaƒ¼tional€reporting€or€advo‚cacyÔ‡Xw XXX¶:Ô,€and€(2)€that€¢Corley£'s€proven€record€of€committing€"electronic€civilÐ "Ð Ðdisobedi‚ence"€by€a€sus‚tained,€con‚certed,€protracted,€intentional€‚provision€of€¢DeCSS£€to€the€publicÏwarranted€injunc‚tive€relief,€just€as€the€defendant's€conduct€warranted€the€injunction€upheld€inÏòòUnited€States€v.€Scott,€supra.€óó݃içýàVá݌РÄ'" ÐŒÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  Ýò òÔ& ¸ Ô11.à0 r àòòIf€not,€what€modification€or€supplementation€would€be€required€to€conformÐ ¤)p!$ Ðto€First€Amendment€requirements?Ô#†X¶:X àXw³ä#Ôó óóóД*`"%rs#rs# ÐÌà r àNone.€€òòSeeóó€Point€III€and€the€response€to€question€10,€òòsupraóó.Ô'¸¤)ŠæÔÐ p,<$' ÐÐ \-(%( ÐÝ‚içÿÝÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚içèÝÝ  ÝRespectfully€submitted,݃içèMè݌̌ÓÓÓ ÓÓ ÓÝ  ÝÌÌCharles€S.€SimsÌCounsel€for€AppelleesÌÌÌcc:à0 r àKatÔ& Ä Ôhleen€M.€Sullivan,€Esq.Д`rs#rs# Ðà r àMartin€¢Garbus£,€Esq.Ìà r àDaniÔ'Ä”éÔel€Alter,€Assistant€United€States€Attorney€Ô% ‡" ÔÔ%†"ÇéÔÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†åéÔÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†êÔÓ3 °Xp°,X°‚ÂA ùp’X3ÓÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†TêÔÐ  l8  ÐÓ$ °Xp°X$Ó¢bcc£:à0 p àÔ% ‡ ÔSimon€¢Barsky£,€Esq.Ð4ps#ps# Ðà p àGregory€¢Goeckner£,€Esq.Ìà p àMark€¢Litvack£,€Esq.Ìà p àLeon€Gold,€Esq.Ìà p àJon€A.€¢Baumgarten£,€Esq.Ìà p àWilliam€M.€Hart,€Esq.Ìà p àCarla€M.€Miller,€Esq.Ìà p àMatthew€J.€Morris,€Esq.Ô%† ½êÔ